Most Popular
1. Banking Crisis is Stocks Bull Market Buying Opportunity - Nadeem_Walayat
2.The Crypto Signal for the Precious Metals Market - P_Radomski_CFA
3. One Possible Outcome to a New World Order - Raymond_Matison
4.Nvidia Blow Off Top - Flying High like the Phoenix too Close to the Sun - Nadeem_Walayat
5. Apple AAPL Stock Trend and Earnings Analysis - Nadeem_Walayat
6.AI, Stocks, and Gold Stocks – Connected After All - P_Radomski_CFA
7.Stock Market CHEAT SHEET - - Nadeem_Walayat
8.US Debt Ceiling Crisis Smoke and Mirrors Circus - Nadeem_Walayat
9.Silver Price May Explode - Avi_Gilburt
10.More US Banks Could Collapse -- A Lot More- EWI
Last 7 days
Stock Market Volatility (VIX) - 25th Mar 24
Stock Market Investor Sentiment - 25th Mar 24
The Federal Reserve Didn't Do Anything But It Had Plenty to Say - 25th Mar 24
Stock Market Breadth - 24th Mar 24
Stock Market Margin Debt Indicator - 24th Mar 24
It’s Easy to Scream Stocks Bubble! - 24th Mar 24
Stocks: What to Make of All This Insider Selling- 24th Mar 24
Money Supply Continues To Fall, Economy Worsens – Investors Don’t Care - 24th Mar 24
Get an Edge in the Crypto Market with Order Flow - 24th Mar 24
US Presidential Election Cycle and Recessions - 18th Mar 24
US Recession Already Happened in 2022! - 18th Mar 24
AI can now remember everything you say - 18th Mar 24
Bitcoin Crypto Mania 2024 - MicroStrategy MSTR Blow off Top! - 14th Mar 24
Bitcoin Gravy Train Trend Forecast 2024 - 11th Mar 24
Gold and the Long-Term Inflation Cycle - 11th Mar 24
Fed’s Next Intertest Rate Move might not align with popular consensus - 11th Mar 24
Two Reasons The Fed Manipulates Interest Rates - 11th Mar 24
US Dollar Trend 2024 - 9th Mar 2024
The Bond Trade and Interest Rates - 9th Mar 2024
Investors Don’t Believe the Gold Rally, Still Prefer General Stocks - 9th Mar 2024
Paper Gold Vs. Real Gold: It's Important to Know the Difference - 9th Mar 2024
Stocks: What This "Record Extreme" Indicator May Be Signaling - 9th Mar 2024
My 3 Favorite Trade Setups - Elliott Wave Course - 9th Mar 2024
Bitcoin Crypto Bubble Mania! - 4th Mar 2024
US Interest Rates - When WIll the Fed Pivot - 1st Mar 2024
S&P Stock Market Real Earnings Yield - 29th Feb 2024
US Unemployment is a Fake Statistic - 29th Feb 2024
U.S. financial market’s “Weimar phase” impact to your fiat and digital assets - 29th Feb 2024
What a Breakdown in Silver Mining Stocks! What an Opportunity! - 29th Feb 2024
Why AI will Soon become SA - Synthetic Intelligence - The Machine Learning Megatrend - 29th Feb 2024
Keep Calm and Carry on Buying Quantum AI Tech Stocks - 19th Feb 24

Market Oracle FREE Newsletter

How to Protect your Wealth by Investing in AI Tech Stocks

The Economics of Big Cities

Economics / Social Issues Jul 25, 2011 - 11:00 AM GMT

By: Robert_Murphy

Economics

Best Financial Markets Analysis ArticleLarge, densely populated urban areas put economic principles in a pressure cooker, as it were. The extremes of urban life make things evident that would not be as obvious in a small town. With the right combination of entrepreneurial drive and the rule of law, metropolitan areas are economic powerhouses.


The Division of Labor

Ludwig von Mises stressed that civilization itself rests on the higher productivity made possible by the division of labor. (I provide an introduction to the concept in this video lecture.) If each of us had to grow his own food, make his own clothes, build his own shelter, and so forth, most of us would soon die, and the few survivors would live in extreme poverty.

Fortunately, we can each specialize in a few tasks in which we have the comparative (or relative) advantage, producing far more than we personally need. For example, the dairy farmer produces more milk than his family would ever drink, while the workers at Ford produce more pickup trucks than they could ever drive. They each sell their output to the highest bidders, who in turn are doing the same with their own specialty products and services.

Because labor is more productive when it is distributed in this way, the end result is that total output is higher. Because there is more "stuff" to go around, per capita consumption is higher and everyone enjoys a standard of living that would be impossible without specialization and trade.

Although these principles hold for two people on a tropical island (like Crusoe and Friday), they are much more obvious in a bustling city. As the weekday begins, people quite visibly start "making the city work." Street vendors set up their carts and booths, buses and subways begin shipping throngs of people to their places of employment, and shopkeepers sweep the sidewalks in order to welcome customers into their stores. Delivery boys zoom around on bicycles moving packages from one business to another, while trucks bring fresh meat and produce to various restaurants.

"Property rights and voluntary exchange shower humanity with prosperity."

In a major city, one can look out the window and actually see just how dependent it is on people doing various jobs in order to keep everything running smoothly. Every community is dependent on people, but in a suburb it's hard to actually observe that principle in action. In their neighborhoods, people just see other households (which are basically headquarters for consumption), while the activities of workers are hidden behind their cars (during the commute) and the walls of buildings that might be spread out over large distances.

Economies of Scale: The Benefits of a Large Market

It is no coincidence that the best chefs, clothing designers, stage actors, and lawyers tend to locate in large urban areas. Consider: Suppose a certain chef can prepare the most sumptuous filet mignon on planet Earth, but it is very expensive to "do it right." He could run a profitable restaurant in Boise, Idaho, charging $100 per meal. But given the customer base in Boise, he would only serve (say) 30 such meals in a typical night. That would generate enough revenue to pay for the rent, equipment, ingredients, and his two other employees, but there would not be much left over for the master chef.

In contrast, if he goes to New York, the chef can team up with some of the most talented marketers, interior designers, and other creative individuals to design a much more impressive restaurant. He can also hire some of the best waiters and waitresses in the country, because they happen to live in New York. Best of all, because of the huge and wealthy customer base, if our chef is as good as he thinks he is, he can charge (say) $250 per meal and serve 200 meals on a typical night. His expenses would be higher than in Boise, to be sure, but not proportionally higher. By scaling up the size of his operation, the master chef now could earn a substantial personal income.

Once we think through scenarios in this way, we can understand why "the best X" — whether X is Chinese food, ladies' shoes, or used bookstores — is typically available in a large city.

The Rationing of Market Prices

In the previous section we established the enormous advantage of being a producer in a large city: there is a huge market of potential customers, many of whom are extremely wealthy. Somebody who becomes successful in a large city can become a millionaire in a year, whereas it would be much harder to do so in a rural area populated with a few farms.

But if this is the case, then why don't all the talented people move to big cities? For that matter, if all of the best products and services are available in the big cities, why don't all the consumers move there too?

Some people just don't like crowds, and wouldn't move to busy cities for that reason. But the main explanation is that the price of land shoots up in order to ration it among the competing users. It's extremely expensive to buy or rent real estate in a wealthy urban area. Consequently the apartments and houses are smaller than they would be (other things equal) in a less-populated area.

The high price of land cuts into the profitability of businesses seeking to take advantage of the economies of scale from a city's customer base. For example, a deli in Manhattan will turn over its inventory (cans of soda, pasta and other prepared food in the salad bar, etc.) much more quickly than a deli in Boise. On the other hand, the owner of the Manhattan deli has to pay astronomical rent each month compared to his peer in Boise. In order to make it work, the Manhattan deli owner charges much higher prices for "the same" goods (such as cans of soda) while offering expensive items (such as fancy sushi rolls) that the deli in Boise wouldn't carry at all.

The high rental prices for commercial space ensure that only the best of the best can afford to have shops in Manhattan and other comparable cities. On the other hand, the high retail prices ("cost of living") ensure that not everybody moves to Manhattan and other metropolises. Many people say, "Sure, it has the best restaurants and musicals, but it's so expensive in Manhattan." Only the people who really enjoy the big-city life are willing to pay for it.

Conclusion

Thinking through the economics of big cities sheds light on general principles of free markets. As always, we see that property rights and voluntary exchange shower humanity with prosperity. Market prices give signals so that producers and consumers organize themselves in the most efficient way, given their capabilities and preferences.

Robert Murphy, an adjunct scholar of the Mises Institute and a faculty member of the Mises University, runs the blog Free Advice and is the author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Capitalism, the Study Guide to Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market, the Human Action Study Guide, and The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Great Depression and the New Deal. Send him mail. See Robert P. Murphy's article archives. Comment on the blog.

© 2011 Copyright Robert Murphy - All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: The above is a matter of opinion provided for general information purposes only and is not intended as investment advice. Information and analysis above are derived from sources and utilising methods believed to be reliable, but we cannot accept responsibility for any losses you may incur as a result of this analysis. Individuals should consult with their personal financial advisors.


© 2005-2022 http://www.MarketOracle.co.uk - The Market Oracle is a FREE Daily Financial Markets Analysis & Forecasting online publication.


Post Comment

Only logged in users are allowed to post comments. Register/ Log in